Overview, Table of Contents, Reviews, Errata, On-line Sellers and Problems for:

Handbook on Radiation Probing, Gauging, Imaging and Analysis  

(http://www.springeronline.com/sgw/cda/frontpage/0,11855,5-40356-22-33761521-0,00.html)

Volume I: Basics and Techniques (464 pp, ISBN 1-4020-1294-2)

Volume II: Applications and Design (526 pp, ISBN 1-4020-1295-0)

(Set: ISBN 1-4020-1296-9)

 
Esam M. A. Hussein, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada (
http://www.unb.ca/fredericton/engineering/depts/mechanical/people/hussein.html)

Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht

 

AVAILABLE FOR PURCHASE ALSO AT:

 

 

OVERVIEW

This is a four-part handbook that covers all aspects of non-destructive evaluation (NDE) with charged-particles, photons and neutrons.  As described in the Foreword to the book, written by Dr. John Hubbell (National Institute of Standards and Technology), this is a “two-volume "how-to" desk reference on virtually all aspects of the use of photon and corpuscular radiations in the interrogation of materials and structures, I found the presentation format to be unique and useful.  Although the variety and comprehensiveness is akin to a topical encyclopedia, the presentation reminded me of a thesaurus, in which the subtopics are not sequenced alphabetically, but, similar to in a thesaurus, are sequenced in a logical progression.  Then, going "Roget" one better, at the end of the book are found not one, but two alphabetized indexes, first an "application index" and finally a conventional index alphabetically listing key words and their page numbers from throughout the text.” 

 

In the Introduction (Chapter 1), the book makes the case for using radiation-based methods in NDE, by comparing them to conventional techniques.

 

Part I of the book covers radiation sources, modifying (interaction) physics and detectors. Radiation sources (Chapter 2) and detectors (Chapter 4) are identified and their properties presented.   The physics of radiation interactions are discussed (Chapter 3) in terms of their relevance to NDE. The safety aspects of dealing with radiation are addressed in the fourth chapter of Part I (Chapter 5).

 

In Part II, the examination techniques of transmission, scattering, emission and absorption are presented, each in a separate chapter.  The conventional transmission techniques of radiography and tomography are discussed (Chapter 6), along with special variations such as dual-energy methods, resonance imaging and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Chapter 7 is on scattering methods, and covers techniques used to probe a point in an object, provide an overall bulk indication, or produce an image; in addition to methods that employ neutron diffraction and charged-particle scattering. Methods that rely on induced (secondary) radiation emission, as well as those employing internal sources (e.g. radiotracers), are covered in Chapter 8 dealing with emission methods. Indications provided internally by the absorption of different types of radiation are examined in Chapter 9, including the neutron die-away indication. 

 

The second volume focuses on applications and design.  Part III begins by presenting (Chapter 10) applications involving probing a particular location in an object, inspecting products, and monitoring processes systems. Applications that give bulk quantified indications are presented in Chapter 11. The usefulness of elemental analysis, with neutrons and x-rays, is demonstrated by a wide variety of industrial, environmental and geological applications, along with others (Chapter 12).  Chapter 13 is devoted to imaging applications discusses, not only the industrial uses of familiar transmission-based radiography and tomography methods, but also applications utilizing scattering and emission.

 

Part IV addresses design aspects, in five chapters. It starts with a list of the arguments a designer can use to overcome the reluctance of some industries to adopt radiation-based methods. Chapter 14 identifies performance and design parameters, and addresses the issues of choosing the proper radiation source, detector and technique. Chapter 15 is devoted to the processes of modifying the energy, direction, and intensity of commercially available radiation sources. Design and shielding calculation methods are outlined in Chapter 16.  Experimental design, including the licensing process and laboratory practices, are examined in Chapter 17.   Chapter 18 deals with the issues associated with commercializing a developed device, in particular, prototyping and patents.

 

In addiction to the above described 18 chapters, the book includes 7 appendices, provided for convenience at the end of each volume. They include: (A) basic units and constants, (B) an alphabetical list of elements and natural isotopes, (C) the basics of relativistic mechanics, (D) the quantum-mechanics concept for cross-sections, (E) methods for calculating nuclear/atomic parameters for compounds and mixtures, (F) approaches to evaluating the effective-energy of multienergetic sources, and (G) radiation counting statistics.

 

This book is designed to provide students and experts with an inclusive source of streamlined information. Researchers and instrument developers will find a list of 1373 references. The application index will enable practising engineers and industrial physicists to easily identify techniques suited for a particular application, along with their previous uses.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface

xix

Acknowledgments

xxi

Foreword

xxiii

VOLUME ONE: BASICS AND TECHNIQUES

1

 

1. INTRODUCTION

3

 

1.1 Why Radiation

3

 

1.2 Nondestructive Examination (NDE)

4

 

1.3 Conventional NDE Methods

6

 

1.4 Elements of NDE

9

 

1.5 Intricacy of Radiation Methods

10

 

PART I: BASICS

15

 

2. RADIATION TYPES AND SOURCES

19

 

2.1 Charged Particles

19

 

2.1.1 Alpha Particles

19

 

2.1.2 Beta Particles

21

 

2.1.3 Discrete-Energy Electrons

25

 

2.1.4 Positrons

26

 

2.1.5 Heavy-Charged Particles

29

 

2.2 Photons

30

 

2.2.1 X-ray Machines

31

 

2.2.2 Low-Energy Photon Sources

36

 

2.2.3 Primary Gamma Rays

44

 

2.2.4 Indirect Gamma Rays

46

 

2.3 Neutrons

46

 

2.3.1 Fast Neutrons

48

 

2.3.2 Intermediate-Energy Neutrons

55

 

2.3.3 Slow Neutrons

56

 

2.3.4 Cold Neutrons

58

 

2.4 Natural Sources

59

 

3. MODIFYING PHYSICS

63

 

3.1 General

63

 

3.2 Cross Sections

66

 

3.2.1 Microscopic Cross-Section

66

 

3.2.2 Differential Cross-Section

67

 

3.2.3 Macroscopic Cross-Section

67

 

3.3 Charged Particles

70

 

3.3.1 Alpha Particles

71

 

3.3.2 Beta Particles

75

 

3.4 Photons

78

 

3.4.1 Photoelectric Absorption

81

 

3.4.2 Incoherent/Inelastic (Corripton) Scattering

82

 

3.4.3 Coherent/Elastic Scattering

92

 

3.4.4 Pair Production

95

 

3.4.5 Photo-nuclear Interactioiis

99

 

3.5 Neutrons

99

 

3.5.1 Elastic Scattering

100

 

3.5.2 Inelastic Interactions

103

 

3.5.3 Absorption

105

 

3.5.4 Fission and Multiplicity Reactions

105

 

3.5.5 Coherent Scattering

106

 

3.5.6 Cross Sections

108

 

3.6 Radiation Transport

122

 

3.6.1 Classical Laws of Conservation

125

 

3.6.2 Divergence Law

127

 

3.6.3 Attenuation Law

129

 

3.6.4 Diffusion Theory

130

 

3.6.5 Transport of Charged-Particles

132

 

3.7 Radioactive Decay

133

 

3.7.1 Kinetics of Decay

133

 

3.7.2 Parent/Daughter Decay

134

 

3.7.3 Equilibrium

135

 

3.7.4 Decay Chains

137

 

4. DETECTION METHODS

139

 

4.1 Introduction

139

 

4.2 Charged-Particle Detectors

142

 

4.2.1 Detection by Chemical Reactions

142

 

4.2.2 Detection by Direct Ionization

144

 

4.2.3 Detection by Scintillation

159

 

4.2.4 Semiconductor Detectors

165

 

4.3 Photon Detectors

171

 

4.3.1 Gas-Ionization Detectors

173

 

4.3.2 Scintillation Detectors

175

 

4.3.3 Semiconductor Detectors

182

 

4.3.4 Radiographic Films

188

 

4.3.5 Electrostatic Plates

188

 

4.4 Neutrons Detectors

189

 

4.4.1 Gas Detectors

189

 

4.4.2 Scintillation Detectors

204

 

4.4.3 Other Detection Methods

216

 

4.5 Signal Processing and Analysis

218

 

4.5.1 Basic Components

219

 

4.5.2 Pulse-Mode Counting

224

 

4.5.3 Current-Mode Operation

226

 

4.5.4 Energy Spectroscopy

227

 

4.5.5 Timing Measurements

228

 

4.5.6 Statistics

232

 

4.5.7 Problems in Pulse Analysis

235

 

5. RADIATION SAFETY

243

 

5.1 Introduction

243

 

5.2 Principles and Definitions

244

 

5.3 Principles of Radiation Protection

247

 

5.4 Monitoring and Dosimetry

248

 

PART II: TECHNIQUES

253

 

6. TRANSMISSION METHODS

259

 

6.1 Measurement Model

259

 

6.2 Pencil-Beam Probing

265

 

6.3 Radiography

269

 

6.3.1 Film Radiography

270

 

6.3.2 Variations of Film Radiography

279

 

6.4 Tomography

282

 

6.4.1 Problem Formulation

282

 

6.4.2 Back-Projection

286

 

6.4.3 Successive Approximation

287

 

6.4.4 Modal Approximation

295

 

6.4.5 Filtered Back-Projection

298

 

6.4.6 Image Quality

299

 

6.5 Special Methods

302

 

6.5.1 Combined with Scattering

302

 

6.5.2 Region-of-Interest Imaging

303

 

6.5.3 Dual Transmission

303

 

6.5.4 Resonance Mapping

305

 

6.5.5 Mössbauer Spectrometry

306

 

6.6 Charged-Particle Transmission

307

 

6.6.1 Alpha Particles

308

 

6.6.2 Beta Particles

309

 

6.6.3 Electron Radiography

309

 

7. SCATTERING METHODS

311

 

7.1 Introduction

311

 

7.2 Measurement Model

312

 

7.2.1 Model for Compton Scattering

316

 

7.2.2 Model for Neutron-Elastic Scattering

318

 

7.3 Point Probing

320

 

7.3.1 Neglected Attenuation

321

 

7.3.2 Signal Modulation

322

 

7.3.3 Attenuation Averaging

322

 

7.3.4 Constant-Transmission

323

 

7.3.5 Normalized Scattering and Transmission

325

 

7.3.6 Single Low-Energy Source Transmission-Assisted

326

 

7.3.7 Two-Source Transmission-Assisted

328

 

7.3.8 Dual-Energy: Special Case

329

 

7.3.9 Dual-Energy: General Case

331

 

7.3.10 Coherent-Scatter Probing

334

 

7.3.11 Probing with Neutrons

335

 

7.4 Multi-Point Probing and Analysis

338

 

7.5 Scatterometry

342

 

7.5.1 Measurement Model

344

 

7.5.2 Linear Response

345

 

7.5.3 Variable Source-to-Detector Distance Method

345

 

7.5.4 Ratio Method

346

 

7.5.5 Saturated Scattering

346

 

7.5.6 Energy Spectrum

347

 

7.5.7 Combined Bulk and Probing Measurements

350

 

7.6 Scatterography

350

 

7.7 Reconstructed Scatter-Imaging

355

 

7.7.1 Point-by-Point Scanning

356

 

7.7.2 Integration Method

359

 

7.7.3 Nonlinear Solution

359

 

7.7.4 Coherent-Scatter Imaging

361

 

7.8 X-Ray Diffraction and Refraction

363

 

7.8.1 X-Ray Diffraction

363

 

7.8.2 Refraction

363

 

7.9 Neutron Diffraction

364

 

7.10 Scattering of Charged-Particles

365

 

7.10.1 Scattering of Alpha-Particles

366

 

7.10.2 Scattering of Beta-Particles

367

 

7.10.3 Scattering of Ions

368

 

8. EMISSION METHODS

371

 

8.1 Gamma-Ray Emission by Neutron Activation

372

 

8.1.1 Measurement Model

374

 

8.1.2 Thermal-Neutron Activation

377

 

8.1.3 Epithermal-Neutron Activation

384

 

8.1.4 Fast-Neutron Activation

385

 

8.2 Gamma-Ray Emission by Charged-Particle Activation

392

 

8.3 Gamma-Ray Emission by Photon Activation

395

 

8.4 Gamma-Ray Emission by Positronium Decay

398

 

8.5 Charged-Particles Emission

399

 

8.5.1 Charged-Particle Emission by Photon Activation

400

 

8.5.2 Charged-Particles Emission by Neutron Activation

401

 

8.5.3 Charged-Particle Emission by Charged-Particle Activation

402

 

8.6 Neutron Emission

404

 

8.6.1 Neutron Emission by Gamma-Ray Activation

404

 

8.6.2 Neutron Emission by Charged-Particle Activation

405

 

8.6.3 Neutron Emission by Neutron Activation

406

 

8.7 X-Ray Emission

407

 

8.7.1 Excitation by Isotopic Sources

408

 

8.7.2 X-Ray Excitation

414

 

8.7.3 Charged-Particle Excitation

415

 

8.8 Emission from Internal Sources

417

 

8.8.1 Radiotracing

418

 

8.8.2 Radioactive Materials

420

 

8.8.3 Emission Imaging

425

 

8.8.4 Gamma Cameras

430

 

9. ABSORPTION METHODS

433

 

9.1 Absorption of Charged Particles

433

 

9.2 Photon Absorption Methods

435

 

9.3 Neutron Flux Depression Method

436

 

9.4 Decay-Time of Neutrons

439

 

A. Basic Units and Constants

xxvii

 

B. List of Elements and Natural Isotopes

xxix

 

C. Relativistic Mechanics

xxxv

 

D. Quantum Mechanics

xxxix

 

D.1 Preliminaries

xxxix

 

D.2 Schrödinger Equation

xli

 

D.3 Concept of Cross-Section

xlvi

 

D.4 Quantum Electrodynamics

l

 

E. Nuclear/Atomic Parameters for Compounds and Mixtures

liii

 

E.1 Atomic Density

liii

 

E.2 Electron Density

liv

 

E.3 Macroscopic Cross-Section

lv

 

E.4 Effective Mass and Atomic; Numbers

lvii

 

E.4.1 Electron-Density Based

lvii

 

E.4.2 Reaction Cross-Section Based

lvii

 

E.4.3 Reaction-Ratio Based

lviii

 

F. Effective Energy

lxi

 

F.1 Mean Energy

lxi

 

F.2 Most Probable Energy

lxii

 

F.3 Cross-Section Dependent

lxii

 

F.4 Best Match

lxii

 

G. Radiation Counting Statistics

lxv

 

G.1 Poisson Statistics

lxv

 

G.1.1 Mean and Variance

lxvi

 

G.1.2 Population Statistics

lxvii

 

G.2 Gross/Background Count Rates

lxviii

 

G.2.1 Net Count Rate

lxviii

 

G.2.2 Number of Measurements and Counting Period

lxix

 

G.3 Goodness of Data

lxx

 

G.4 Current-Mode Statistics

lxxii

 

G.5 Elemental Error

lxxv

 

References

lxxvii

 

About the Author

clxxxvi

 

Application Index

clxxxix

 

Index

cxcix

 

BOOK REVIEWS

http://www.ieee.org/organizations/pubs/newsletters/npss/0903/newpub.html

http://www.canberra.edu.au/irps/Archives/vol17no3/book.html

ERRATA

Page

Line or Location

Replace

With

   7

l−10

soils

solids

 50

Table 2.14 last line

124Sb

124Sb/Be

 74

6 lines below  Eq. (3.20)

strong dependence

dependence

 76

Eq. (3.24)

mm

mm−1

 84

above Eq. (3.39)

increases

decreases

100

l+3

A nucleus

A neutron

 

 

a neutron

a nucleus

115

l−9

ten

hundred

120

last equation

ell

l

134

Eq. (3.155)

Bq

Bq/g

135

l+1

N1(0) = 0

N2(0) = 0

213

Eq.  (4.15)

Ld

nothing

214

Eq.  (4.16)

0.9

0.09

237

l−5

steel

steel,

287

Figure 6.8

c) .... downward

c) .... sideways

287

Figure 6.8

d) .... sideways

d) .... downward

297

l−6

nodal

modal

333

Eq. (7.36c)

P →b

P → c

 

Eq. (7.36d)

S2,A

S2,B

337

Fig. 7.10

XiΛf

XfΛf

 

 

Xs

Ys

429

Eq. (8.25)

F(Sigma, x_bx_a)

f(Sigma, x_bx_a)

430

Eq. (8.26)

f(Sigma, x_2 – x_1)

f(Sigma, x_bx_a)

439

l-7

H

Hf

696

l−8

59.5 MeV

59.5 keV

 

 

yttrium

ytterbium

Liv

line above Eq. (E.6)

weight fractions

atomic fractions

 

PROBLEMS SET

Open file: Problems.pdf

Note to instructors:  a companion file containing problems solutions is available upon request. 

Last update: Wednesday, January-05-11.